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- HEALTH, Page 74Bringing Sanity to the Diet Craze
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- The Government considers tough new rules for weight-loss firms
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- By JULIE JOHNSON
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- Despite its obsession with dieting, the U.S. population
- seems to grow fatter every year. And so does the industry
- tailored to respond to the needs and neuroses of those who are
- fighting, and largely failing, to keep their waistlines under
- control. Americans spent more than $30 billion last year on
- such offerings as diet books, videotapes, appetite
- suppressants, "lite" foods, low-calorie beverages and
- commercial weight-loss programs. Now the overweight and
- overwrought are rushing to try the latest raft of crash-diet
- plans, which promote ways to trim fat quickly by doing little
- more than taking pills or swilling specially formulated drinks.
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- But the behemoth diet industry may be throwing too much
- weight around. Critics say some companies use misleading
- promotional campaigns and promise more than the programs can
- deliver. Moreover, the safety of at least a few of the plans
- has been called into question. Congress is holding hearings to
- determine whether the diet industry should be more tightly
- regulated, and various Government agencies are studying ways
- to get tough on questionable practices in the business.
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- Leading the congressional probe is Representative Ron Wyden,
- an Oregon Democrat, who last week called diet-industry
- executives before his House Small Business Subcommittee and
- asked them to explain their hard-sell tactics. Wyden's staff
- raised several concerns about specific companies. For example,
- the Diet Center programs, which offer special foods and pills,
- claim to provide guidance by "weight-loss professionals."
- Customers may presume that these professionals are
- nutritionists, says Wyden, but they are "basically
- salespersons." Ads for the Physicians Weight Loss Centers imply
- that a doctor will supervise each patient's diet, but
- frequently the lone staff physician spends just one night a
- week at the center.
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- Most companies make losing weight sound much simpler than
- it is. The Physicians Weight Loss Centers often tells newcomers
- they can drop up to 7 lbs. in the first week, but the firm's
- president, Charles Sekeres, admitted to Wyden's committee that
- this range was based only on individuals who are "morbidly
- obese" or on men (who can slim down more quickly than women).
- In addition, ads for most weight-loss programs fail to mention
- that many customers regain weight just as fast as they lose it
- if they return to their old eating habits. The industry,
- contends Wyden, focuses "more on quick profits than on
- responsible weight loss you can really keep off."
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- Those profits could be threatened by doubts about the safety
- of some of the new diets. Nineteen former clients of
- Nutri/System, a program that sells its own low-fat food, have
- filed suit against the company, charging that they suffered
- severe gallbladder problems. At last week's hearing,
- Nutri/System president Donald McCulloch denied the allegations.
- "No scientific study," he said, "demonstrates that the
- Nutri/System program increases the risk of gallstones."
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- Some diet-company executives conceded to the House
- subcommittee that parts of the industry have been too zealous.
- Chief executive Charles Berger of Weight Watchers, an H.J.
- Heinz subsidiary that takes a moderate approach to weight loss,
- likened the diet business to Wall Street in the 1980s. "Without
- touching on the issue of greed," he said, "some companies in
- our field have overpromised quick weight loss. And the promises
- have grown increasingly excessive." Others doubt that an
- industry with so many players can effectively police itself.
- Ronald Stern, president of the nutrition division at Slim-Fast,
- a firm that sells liquid-diet products over the counter,
- asserted that "companies are moving to do things properly, but
- the industry can only do so much. If there are regulations, we
- will welcome them."
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- The Government already has the power to crack down on the
- diet industry through the federal truth-in-advertising and
- mail-fraud laws. But these weapons have generally been used
- just against products that are truly outrageous. The Postal
- Service, for example, took action against diet sunglasses,
- which supposedly altered food color and made meals appear less
- appetizing, and a satin headband designed to emit
- electromagnetic waves that, according to the manufacturer's
- claims, help customers refuse to eat calorie-laden foods.
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- The Federal Trade Commission, which regulates advertising,
- has started to pay a bit more attention to the diet business.
- After having filed a mere 13 lawsuits against the industry in
- the entire decade of the '80s, the FTC has brought three cases
- this year. One action involved a diet pill that when swallowed,
- according to the ads, would break "into thousands of particles,
- each acting like a tiny magnet." Fat cells would allegedly be
- attracted to the "magnets" and eliminated through the digestive
- system. In addition to going after such obvious frauds, the FTC
- has initiated a broad investigation of diet-clinic advertising.
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- Since many of the diet products are foods or drugs, the Food
- and Drug Administration is a logical candidate to take the lead
- in overseeing the industry, but the agency has been
- dillydallying on this issue for years. As long ago as 1982, the
- FDA began drafting regulations to cover over-the-counter
- weight-loss products, and those proposals may at last be
- finalized before the end of the year. The new rules are
- expected to outlaw more than 100 diet-product ingredients on
- the market, including methyl cellulose and other bulking agents
- that supposedly "swell" in the consumer's stomach and curb
- appetite.
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- More important, the FDA is embarking on an overhaul of
- labeling requirements for processed foods. That effort should
- most definitely include the products of diet programs. Even
- industry executives agree there should be uniform rules
- governing what claims can be made and what caveats must be
- listed. If consumers have more information, they will be in a
- better position to decide which diet plans are worth the money.
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